Treatment of acute blood loss depends on the type of bleeding. The treatment goals for uncontrolled bleeding (e.g., intra-abdominal, uterine artery or pulmonary bleeding) are very different from those for controlled bleeding. Normalization of blood pressure (by increasing cardiac output) is the goal of treatment of controlled bleeding, whereas hypotensive resuscitation is an approach used to treat uncontrolled bleeding. The goal of hypotensive resuscitation is to maintain a minimum mean arterial pressure to ensure end-organ perfusion without promoting blood loss. Normalization of blood pressure should be avoided to prevent exacerbation of bleeding. The optimal blood pressure target for resuscitation of this type of horse is unknown. However, a mean blood pressure of 60 mm Hg is a reasonable goal. Controlled (arrested or stopped) bleeding, on the other hand, is treated more aggressively with fluids, aimed at normalizing blood flow. Acute blood loss is a two-component equation for oxygen uptake and delivery. Resulting in loss of cardiac output and hemoglobin, which is each of these is corrected with a different strategy. The consequences of low cardiac output are more life-threatening than those of anemia. Therefore, the primary first goal in treating controlled bleeding is the rapid recovery of cardiac output by increasing preload with fluid administration. Because of the viscous effects of red blood cells, blood products (whole blood, packed red blood cells [RBC]) may not be suitable fluids for initial volume resuscitation of acute blood loss when rapid increases in cardiac output are the goal. I have. A liquid containing red blood cells is the only resuscitation liquid that is more viscous than water. Therefore, whole blood flows less quickly than cell-free fluids, and packed red blood cells infuse more slowly than any other fluid. Whole blood and packed red blood cells are relatively ineffective at stimulating cardiac output due to increased viscosity due to the presence of cells. Therefore, blood is not the optimal fluid for early volume resuscitation in acute blood loss, as increased cardiac output is a top priority in the management of acute controlled bleeding. However, these fluids are indicated for the treatment of anemia or abnormal hemostasis in the later stages of controlled bleeding (after completion of initial volume resuscitation) and for uncontrolled bleeding when moderate hypotension is the goal. Polymerized bovine hemoglobin (Oxyglobin, Biopure [Cambridge, MA]) was a labeled oxygen-carrying product for dogs. Some case reports describe it as a treatment for acute blood loss in horses. However, it is no longer commercially available. Adverse reactions to transfusion include hypersensitivity reactions (e.g., anaphylaxis) and hypocalcaemia with tremor and/or tetany. In a recent retrospective study, 11% (2 of 18) of his transfused horses with acute exsanguination showed urticaria. Ionized calcium levels should be monitored in horses receiving large doses of blood products, as citrate poisoning can cause hypocalcemia. Tailored hemotherapy, which uses blood components from whole blood transfusions” has refined the treatment of acute blood loss, but has made it more difficult because it requires some background knowledge to properly manage it. Together with pulmonary insufficiency that limits possible hemoglobin-mediated oxygen transport, this is one reason why close surveillance of patients suffering from massive acute blood loss must continue in the early postoperative period. Hyperbaric oxygen upregulates hemoglobin synthesis after acute blood loss in an animal model with moderate (30%) blood loss.